This question has been answered by markh. See the first response.
Have you deleted the /core/cache directory contents manually? This shouldn't be necessary but sometimes brute force works. Are you able to see logs in the error log? You can easily SFTP to it at /core/cache/logs/error.log and open it up in a text editor for review. It may also be worthwhile listing the MODX Extras (Snippets/Plugins, ect.) you have installed. It's possible that some that you are using are not compatible with 2.3 which could be compounding your issues.
All the best,
Jay
[2014-07-29 01:06:46] (ERROR @ /index.php) Error 42S22 executing statement:...which I'm not really sure what to do with.
Array
(
[0] => 42S22
[1] => 1054
[2] => Unknown column 'modContext.name' in 'field list'
)
[2014-07-29 01:06:46] (ERROR @ /index.php) Could not prepare context: web
I have found that for almost every upgrade I've done, there were one or two snippets or plugins that I had to remove/reinstall.
It may be worthwhile to completely replace the /manager/ directory with the same version you are running now, especially if you used FTP to upload the files after unzipping on your computer. It's best to upload the whole .zip file, extract and move files into place as necessary.
The fork of install.php also works well for upgrading Revo, as long as your server supports allow_url_fopen. To-do: add cURL as a fallback, or perhaps as primary download method.
https://github.com/sottwell/installer
So, I'm not sure if my server supports allow_url_fopen-- how can I check?
AFAIK, the modContext object has a 'name' field in 2.3, but it doesn't in 2.2. Setup is supposed to update the DB to add the new field, but it looks like that didn't happen for you.
The first thing to check (assuming that you can do so in cPanel on GoDaddy) is whether the database user specified in the config.inc.php file has full rights to the database. If not, change that to full rights and re-run setup.
You could create the name field manually in the modx_context table in PhpMyAdmin, but if that didn't happen during Setup, maybe some other DB updates also didn't happen. In PhpMyAdmin, for example, look to see if you have a modx_extension_packages table (you should).