I am by no means an expert on Shibboleth, so let me tell you what I've done and you can judge for yourself if it would be relevant and useful to what you need.
I have installed the Shibboleth module on my web server (the one I run MODX on). I have installed config files that connect to our university system's statewide Shibboleth-based authentication hub (
https://kb.wisc.edu/helpdesk/page.php?id=13938)
In an Apache/Shibboleth config file, I can specify one or more URL paths within my website as requiring Shibboleth authentication. When someone tries to visit those URLs, they are routed out to our statewide authentication hub, where they select the campus they are affiliated with and then enter their username/password credentials for that campus. Once they have successfully authenticated, they are routed back to our server, where they now have permissions to view the restricted URL.
Up to this point, MODX has not had anything to do with my Shibboleth setup. Here's where it starts to. Instead of restricting a URL that resolves to an actual file, I am restricting a URL that resolves to a MODX resource. Within this MODX resource, I have a custom snippet that *automatically logs the user in* - either as a generic "university system" user, or as an individual (Our statewide shibboleth portal sends back the user's email address in the $_SERVER array).
In other words - merely visiting this page - this MODX resource - automatically performs a MODX login. No password is provided, and no username is even explicitly given. Visit the page, and MODX just logs you in (thanks to the snippet). The catch is that in order to visit the page, you have to have first authenticated via Shibboleth.
So basically, I haven't written any sort of a "Shibboleth plugin" for MODX. I simply have Shibboleth and MODX working side-by-side to provide custom user authentication.
I hope this makes sense. Again, I do not have any broad experience with Shibboleth, so I am not sure whether our statewide university system is using it in a "standard" or "atypical" way.