This question has been answered by cottagestuff. See the first response.
Just in case anyone is still experiencing this issue, or anyone new has come across this issue - especially if they are hosting their MODX site on an Amazon EC2 Linux instance. Using Firefox's console, I discovered the manager's AJAX call upon trying to expand the media sources was receiving a 500 error in return. By combing through the php error_logs, I discovered the following error message:
PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined function mb_strtolower() in /var/www/html/core/model/modx/sources/modfilemediasource.class.php on line 173
This is due to the lack of the mbstring php module on the linux installation, so installing the correct version for your installed php version and restarting the httpd daemon fixes the issue:
sudo yum install php56-mbstring
sudo service httpd restart