I finally figured it out. There is a lot of magic happening inside MODx, maybe almost a little to much, and it's hard to figure it all out if you are not using MODext to create your UI. ;-)
So, I placed a hidden input field with
<input type="hidden" id="tv{$tv->id}" name="tv{$tv->id}" value="" />
and I keep the value updated from within my Javascript Object. What I did not understand from the documentation is, that MODx will automatically save the data from input fields labeled that way and also initialise the input field on load with the stored TV data.
And as a tip for anybody who tries to develop tv input everytime you change the value on your own markup, call MODx.fireResourceFormChange(); (this will enable the save button on the top)
Thanks a lot for your continuos support Bob and Bruno, appreciate it!