I just checked an install of revo 2.2.1
I set the system setting 'site_status' to 0, logged out of the manager and checked the site.
I saw the message "The site is currently unavailable" (this message is also a system setting) and a 503 (service unavailable) header was also sent (determined by using Safari developer tools)
So to answer the original question
when you take a site offline for maintenance, what code does modx give out to search engine robots?
you get a 503 and a message - a robot should see the 503, a person will just see the message - which is easily changed if you so desire.