Northie, in the old docs, resource fields like pagetitle and introtext were often referred to (incorrectly) as Template Variables. This should no longer be the case.
The term "Template Variable" is reserved for extra fields you create yourself ad Template Variable objects. Template Variables are (and always were) stored in a different table than the content fields (actually, several different tables).
To get any of the standard resource fields, all you need is something like this:
$rs = $modx->getObject('modResource', $id);
$pt = $rs->get('pagetitle');
$it = $rs->get('introtext);
or, for the current document:
$pt = $modx->resource->get('pagetitle');
$it = $modx->resource->get('introtext');
If you really want a TV and know it's name or ID, you can get it with:
$rs->getTVValue('TvName');
$rs->getTVValue(12);
or, again, for the current resource:
$modx->resource->getTVValue('TvName');
$modx->resource->getTVValue(12);
If you need the rendered output of the TV instead of its raw value:
$tv = $modx->getObject('modTemplateVar', $tvId);
$output = $tv->renderOutput($resourceId);
or, for the current resource:
$output = $tv->renderOutput($modx->resource->get('id'));
If you want the TV for the current resource in a snippet, you can also send the TV as a property:
[[!MySnippet? &tvVal=`[[*TvName]]`]]
<?php
/* MySnippet */
$tvValue = $scriptProperties['tvVal'];
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PLEASE, PLEASE specify the version of MODX you are using.
MODX info for everyone:
http://bobsguides.com/modx.html