Oops seems like one of my posts (before my last one) didn't make it through. Ok, so the issue was that the tables in the DB had crashed. I repaired them, which fixed the homepage and got the site back up. But then the main navigation wasn't working, everything pointed to the homepage and even when I went directly to the URL the page content did not load (but was in the source code).
Then I changed the publish date to today, which restored the content. It appears as though everything is back in order.
Now I only wish I could get to the bottom of what caused the problem!
Did you repair the table successfully in PhpMyAdmin?
Does the data in the table look ok?
The content tables were successfully repaired. As for the data I'm not 100% sure - my developer friend was the one in the DB so I didn't actually see it, but I can ask.