"published" is not a valid field for field.
The fields that you could filter are: ’pagetitle’,’longtitle’,’description’,’alias’,’introtext’,’template’,’menutitle’,’content’,’publishedon’, ’tv_id’, ’tv_value’
&filter=`id,33,2` is correct (#33 avoided).
But with &filter=`published,1,1|id,33,2`, the application of the filter "published,1,1" provide an empty list of id. Empty list because the set of results that you would like filter don’t contain a field "published". Then by applying the filter `id,33,2` on an empty list of id you get an empty list.
In any case the where clause of the ajaxSearch select executed for the search is like this :
AND (sc.published=1) AND (sc.searchable=1) AND (sc.deleted=0) AND (sc.type='document') AND (sc.privateweb=0))
This means that you always search in published, searchable, non-deleted, public (if not logged) document (type=document).
In your case,&filter=`id,33,2` is enought to get all the published documents except the document #33