According to my references, %j will give you "Day of the year, 3 digits with leading zeros 001 to 366", which explains the 365. %d is a two-digit day of the month, and %e is supposed to give you a single digit with and space before single-digit figures. Not quite what you want, perhaps, but closer.
So why the same date for any input? 12.365.69 is 2300 GMT on 31st December 1969, or zero hours on 1st January 1970 allowing for DST. This would indicate that your [+date+] is evaluating to zero. That usually happens because the TV contains an invalid date or isn’t using the Unixtime widget for output.
If [*date*] was giving you the date required, albeit in the wrong format, you should still be using [*date*] with PHx, not the placeholder [+date+]. From my experience using PHx in Ditto tpl chunks, the format [*date:date=`%m.%d.%y`*] would be close to what you are seeking, provided your TV is set to use the Unixtime widget.
Try setting the widget first and using just [*date*] in your template. If that shows as a 10-digit number, go on to apply the PHx processing to the TV.

KP