Thanks to all for the fast and friendly answers!
I now managed it this way:
1) Created a template-variable named "file_name", there i put the file-name (e.g. "bla.pdf").
2) created a chunk named "embed_file", there i put this code (shortend, actually it is longer):
<iframe src = "http://www.xy.de/[[*file_name]]#pagemode=none&toolbar=0&scrollbar=0&statusbar=0&messages=0&page=1&navpanes=0" width="550px" height="375px" frameborder="0"></iframe>
3) integrated the chunk into every ressource with
So this works as expected, and I am astonished how incredible easy and snappy this worked. I am new to MODx, just checking it out if i want to use it for some of my sites, and i guess when the 2.0 final release is out i will switch to modx.
so again thank you very much for your support!!
(my case closed)
edit 02.07.2010:
i now have the problem that i want to show the code ONLY when a file exists. you can find the discussion
here